Technical and economic feasibility of increasing tram system efficiency with EV batteries

• Impact of installation locations and ESS capacity on tram network energy balance. Economic feasibility study considering payback period, NPV IRR. Demonstrate economic benefit using EV battery as ESSs. Separate common overhead catenary systems (OCS) are widely utilised urban light-rail systems. This paper applies Simulink modelling to investigate differences in efficiency between two OCS systems, applied a typical system. Results suggest reduces demand by 14%, availability regenerative braking increases 297%. predicts number, best for storage (ESSs) an example Greater is achieved installing centre stops adjacent substations, rather than substation stops. Further, considers net present value, internal rate return period given capacity; sensitivity analysis identifies capital cost life the most influential parameters viability. Finally, parked EVs system explored improve economics.